filename"
.PD 0
.IP "\fB\-\-just\-symbols=\fR\fIfilename\fR" 4
.IX Item "--just-symbols=filename"
.PD
Read symbol names and their addresses from \fIfilename\fR, but do not
relocate it or include it in the output.  This allows your output file
to refer symbolically to absolute locations of memory defined in other
programs.  You may use this option more than once.
.Sp
For compatibility with other \s-1ELF\s0 linkers, if the \fB\-R\fR option is
followed by a directory name, rather than a file name, it is treated as
the \fB\-rpath\fR option.
.IP "\fB\-s\fR" 4
.IX Item "-s"
.PD 0
.IP "\fB\-\-strip\-all\fR" 4
.IX Item "--strip-all"
.PD
Omit all symbol information from the output file.
.IP "\fB\-S\fR" 4
.IX Item "-S"
.PD 0
.IP "\fB\-\-strip\-debug\fR" 4
.IX Item "--strip-debug"
.PD
Omit debugger symbol information (but not all symbols) from the output file.
.IP "\fB\-t\fR" 4
.IX Item "-t"
.PD 0
.IP "\fB\-\-trace\fR" 4
.IX Item "--trace"
.PD
Print the names of the input files as \fBld\fR processes them.
.IP "\fB\-T\fR \fIscriptfile\fR" 4
.IX Item "-T scriptfile"
.PD 0
.IP "\fB\-\-script=\fR\fIscriptfile\fR" 4
.IX Item "--script=scriptfile"
.PD
Use \fIscriptfile\fR as the linker script.  This script replaces
\&\fBld\fR's default linker script (rather than adding to it), so
\&\fIcommandfile\fR must specify everything necessary to describe the
output file.    If \fIscriptfile\fR does not exist in
the current directory, \f(CW\*(C`ld\*(C'\fR looks for it in the directories
specified by any preceding \fB\-L\fR options.  Multiple \fB\-T\fR
options accumulate.
.IP "\fB\-dT\fR \fIscriptfile\fR" 4
.IX Item "-dT scriptfile"
.PD 0
.IP "\fB\-\-default\-script=\fR\fIscriptfile\fR" 4
.IX Item "--default-script=scriptfile"
.PD
Use \fIscriptfile\fR as the default linker script.
.Sp
This option is similar to the \fB\-\-script\fR option except that
processing of the script is delayed until after the rest of the
command line has been processed.  This allows options placed after the
\&\fB\-\-default\-script\fR option on the command line to affect the
behaviour of the linker script, which can be important when the linker
command line cannot be directly controlled by the user.  (eg because
the command line is being constructed by another tool, such as
\&\fBgcc\fR).
.IP "\fB\-u\fR \fIsymbol\fR" 4
.IX Item "-u symbol"
.PD 0
.IP "\fB\-\-undefined=\fR\fIsymbol\fR" 4
.IX Item "--undefined=symbol"
.PD
Force \fIsymbol\fR to be entered in the output file as an undefined
symbol.  Doing this may, for example, trigger linking of additional
modules from standard libraries.  \fB\-u\fR may be repeated with
different option arguments to enter additional undefined symbols.  This
option is equivalent to the \f(CW\*(C`EXTERN\*(C'\fR linker script command.
.IP "\fB\-Ur\fR" 4
.IX Item "-Ur"
For anything other than \*(C+ programs, this option is equivalent to
\&\fB\-r\fR: it generates relocatable output\-\-\-i.e., an output file that can in
turn serve as input to \fBld\fR.  When linking \*(C+ programs, \fB\-Ur\fR
\&\fIdoes\fR resolve references to constructors, unlike \fB\-r\fR.
It does not work to use \fB\-Ur\fR on files that were themselves linked
with \fB\-Ur\fR; once the constructor table has been built, it cannot
be added to.  Use \fB\-Ur\fR only for the last partial link, and
\&\fB\-r\fR for the others.
.IP "\fB\-\-unique[=\fR\fI\s-1SECTION\s0\fR\fB]\fR" 4
.IX Item "--unique[=SECTION]"
Creates a separate output section for every input section matching
\&\fI\s-1SECTION\s0\fR, or if the optional wildcard \fI\s-1SECTION\s0\fR argument is
missing, for every orphan input section.  An orphan section is one not
specifically mentioned in a linker script.  You may use this option
multiple times on the command line;  It prevents the normal merging of
input sections with the same name, overriding output section assignments
in a linker script.
.IP "\fB\-v\fR" 4
.IX Item "-v"
.PD 0
.IP "\fB\-\-version\fR" 4
.IX Item "--version"
.IP "\fB\-V\fR" 4
.IX Item "-V"
.PD
Display the version number for \fBld\fR.  The \fB\-V\fR option also
lists the supported emulations.
.IP "\fB\-x\fR" 4
.IX Item "-x"
.PD 0
.IP "\fB\-\-discard\-all\fR" 4
.IX Item "--discard-all"
.PD
Delete all local symbols.
.IP "\fB\-X\fR" 4
.IX Item "-X"
.PD 0
.IP "\fB\-\-discard\-locals\fR" 4
.IX Item "--discard-locals"
.PD
Delete all temporary local symbols.  (These symbols start with
system-specific local label prefixes, typically \fB.L\fR for \s-1ELF\s0 systems
or \fBL\fR for traditional a.out systems.)
.IP "\fB\-y\fR \fIsymbol\fR" 4
.IX Item "-y symbol"
.PD 0
.IP "\fB\-\-trace\-symbol=\fR\fIsymbol\fR" 4
.IX Item "--trace-symbol=symbol"
.PD
Print the name of each linked file in which \fIsymbol\fR appears.  This
option may be given any number of times.  On many systems it is necessary
to prepend an underscore.
.Sp
This option is useful when you have an undefined symbol in your link but
don't know where the reference is coming from.
.IP "\fB\-Y\fR \fIpath\fR" 4
.IX Item "-Y path"
Add \fIpath\fR to the default library search path.  This option exists
for Solaris compatibility.
.IP "\fB\-z\fR \fIkeyword\fR" 4
.IX Item "-z keyword"
The recognized keywords are:
.RS 4
.IP "\fBcombreloc\fR" 4
.IX Item "combreloc"
Combines multiple reloc sections and sorts them to make dynamic symbol
lookup caching possible.
.IP "\fBdefs\fR" 4
.IX Item "defs"
Disallows undefined symbols in object files.  Undefined symbols in
shared libraries are still allowed.
.IP "\fBexecstack\fR" 4
.IX Item "execstack"
Marks the object as requiring executable stack.
.IP "\fBinitfirst\fR" 4
.IX Item "initfirst"
This option is only meaningful when building a shared object.
It marks the object so that its runtime initialization will occur
before the runtime initialization of any other objects brought into
the process at the same time.  Similarly the runtime finalization of
the object will occur after the runtime finalization of any other
objects.
.IP "\fBinterpose\fR" 4
.IX Item "interpose"
Marks the object that its symbol table interposes before all symbols
but the primary executable.
.IP "\fBlazy\fR" 4
.IX Item "lazy"
When generating an executable or shared library, mark it to tell the
dynamic linker to defer function call resolution to the point when
the function is called (lazy binding), rather than at load time.
Lazy binding is the default.
.IP "\fBloadfltr\fR" 4
.IX Item "loadfltr"
Marks  the object that its filters be processed immediately at
runtime.
.IP "\fBmuldefs\fR" 4
.IX Item "muldefs"
Allows multiple definitions.
.IP "\fBnocombreloc\fR" 4
.IX Item "nocombreloc"
Disables multiple reloc sections combining.
.IP "\fBnocopyreloc\fR" 4
.IX Item "nocopyreloc"
Disables production of copy relocs.
.IP "\fBnodefaultlib\fR" 4
.IX Item "nodefaultlib"
Marks the object that the search for dependencies of this object will
ignore any default library search paths.
.IP "\fBnodelete\fR" 4
.IX Item "nodelete"
Marks the object shouldn't be unloaded at runtime.
.IP "\fBnodlopen\fR" 4
.IX Item "nodlopen"
Marks the object not available to \f(CW\*(C`dlopen\*(C'\fR.
.IP "\fBnodump\fR" 4
.IX Item "nodump"
Marks the object can not be dumped by \f(CW\*(C`dldump\*(C'\fR.
.IP "\fBnoexecstack\fR" 4
.IX Item "noexecstack"
Marks the object as not requiring executable stack.
.IP "\fBnorelro\fR" 4
.IX Item "norelro"
Don't create an \s-1ELF\s0 \f(CW\*(C`PT_GNU_RELRO\*(C'\fR segment header in the object.
.IP "\fBnow\fR" 4
.IX Item "now"
When generating an executable or shared library, mark it to tell the
dynamic linker to resolve all symbols when the program is started, or
when the shared library is linked to using dlopen, instead of
deferring function call resolution to the point when the function is
first called.
.IP "\fBorigin\fR" 4
.IX Item "origin"
Marks the object may contain \f(CW$ORIGIN\fR.
.IP "\fBrelro\fR" 4
.IX Item "relro"
Create an \s-1ELF\s0 \f(CW\*(C`PT_GNU_RELRO\*(C'\fR segment header in the object.
.IP "\fBmax\-page\-size=\fR\fIvalue\fR" 4
.IX Item "max-page-size=value"
Set the emulation maximum page size to \fIvalue\fR.
.IP "\fBcommon\-page\-size=\fR\fIvalue\fR" 4
.IX Item "common-page-size=value"
Set the emulation common page size to \fIvalue\fR.
.RE
.RS 4
.Sp
Other keywords are ignored for Solaris compatibility.
.RE
.IP "\fB\-(\fR \fIarchives\fR \fB\-)\fR" 4
.IX Item "-( archives -)"
.PD 0
.IP "\fB\-\-start\-group\fR \fIarchives\fR \fB\-\-end\-group\fR" 4
.IX Item "--start-group archives --end-group"
.PD
The \fIarchives\fR should be a list of archive files.  They may be
either explicit file names, or \fB\-l\fR options.
.Sp
The specified archives are searched repeatedly until no new undefined
references are created.  Normally, an archive is searched only once in
the order that it is specified on the command line.  If a symbol in that
archive is needed to resolve an undefined symbol referred to by an
object in an archive that appears later on the command line, the linker
would not be able to resolve that reference.  By grouping the archives,
they all be searched repeatedly until all possible references are
resolved.
.Sp
Using this option has a significant performance cost.  It is best to use
it only when there are unavoidable circular references between two or
more archives.
.IP "\fB\-\-accept\-unknown\-input\-arch\fR" 4
.IX Item "--accept-unknown-input-arch"
.PD 0
.IP "\fB\-\-no\-accept\-unknown\-input\-arch\fR" 4
.IX Item "--no-accept-unknown-input-arch"
.PD
Tells the linker to accept input files whose architecture cannot be
recognised.  The assumption is that the user knows what they are doing
and deliberately wants to link in these unknown input files.  This was
the default behaviour of the linker, before release 2.14.  The default
behaviour from release 2.14 onwards is to reject such input files, and
so the \fB\-\-accept\-unknown\-input\-arch\fR option has been added to
restore the old behaviour.
.IP "\fB\-\-as\-needed\fR" 4
.IX Item "--as-needed"
.PD 0
.IP "\fB\-\-no\-as\-needed\fR" 4
.IX Item "--no-as-needed"
.PD
This option affects \s-1ELF\s0 \s-1DT_NEEDED\s0 tags for dynamic libraries mentioned
on the command line after the \fB\-\-as\-needed\fR option.  Normally
the linker will add a \s-1DT_NEEDED\s0 tag for each dynamic library mentioned
on the command line, regardless of whether the library is actually
needed or not.  \fB\-\-as\-needed\fR causes a \s-1DT_NEEDED\s0 tag to only be
emitted for a library that satisfies an undefined symbol reference
from a regular object file or, if the library is not found in the
\&\s-1DT_NEEDED\s0 lists of other libraries linked up to that point, an
undefined symbol reference from another dynamic library.
\&\fB\-\-no\-as\-needed\fR restores the default behaviour.
.IP "\fB\-\-add\-needed\fR" 4
.IX Item "--add-needed"
.PD 0
.IP "\fB\-\-no\-add\-needed\fR" 4
.IX Item "--no-add-needed"
.PD
These two options have been deprecated because of the similarity of
their names to the \fB\-\-as\-needed\fR and \fB\-\-no\-as\-needed\fR
options.  They have been replaced by \fB\-\-copy\-dt\-needed\-entries\fR
and \fB\-\-no\-copy\-dt\-needed\-entries\fR.
.IP "\fB\-assert\fR \fIkeyword\fR" 4
.IX Item "-assert keyword"
This option is ignored for SunOS compatibility.
.IP "\fB\-Bdynamic\fR" 4
.IX Item "-Bdynamic"
.PD 0
.IP "\fB\-dy\fR" 4
.IX Item "-dy"
.IP "\fB\-call_shared\fR" 4
.IX Item "-call_shared"
.PD
Link against dynamic libraries.  This is only meaningful on platforms
for which shared libraries are supported.  This option is normally the
default on such platforms.  The different variants of this option are
for compatibility with various systems.  You may use this option
multiple times on the command line: it affects library searching for
\&\fB\-l\fR options which follow it.
.IP "\fB\-Bgroup\fR" 4
.IX Item "-Bgroup"
Set the \f(CW\*(C`DF_1_GROUP\*(C'\fR flag in the \f(CW\*(C`DT_FLAGS_1\*(C'\fR entry in the dynamic
section.  This causes the runtime linker to handle lookups in this
object and its dependencies to be performed only inside the group.
\&\fB\-\-unresolved\-symbols=report\-all\fR is implied.  This option is
only meaningful on \s-1ELF\s0 platforms which support shared libraries.
.IP "\fB\-Bstatic\fR" 4
.IX Item "-Bstatic"
.PD 0
.IP "\fB\-dn\fR" 4
.IX Item "-dn"
.IP "\fB\-non_shared\fR" 4
.IX Item "-non_shared"
.IP "\fB\-static\fR" 4
.IX Item "-static"
.PD
Do not link against shared libraries.  This is only meaningful on
platforms for which shared libraries are supported.  The different
variants of this option are for compatibility with various systems.  You
may use this option multiple times on the command line: it affects
library searching for \fB\-l\fR options which follow it.  This
option also implies \fB\-\-unresolved\-symbols=report\-all\fR.  This
option can be used with \fB\-shared\fR.  Doing so means that a
shared library is being created but that all of the library's external
references must be resolved by pulling in entries from static
libraries.
.IP "\fB\-Bsymbolic\fR" 4
.IX Item "-Bsymbolic"
When creating a shared library, bind references to global symbols to the
definition within the shared library, if any.  Normally, it is possible
for a program linked against a shared library to override the definition
within the shared library.  This option is only meaningful on \s-1ELF\s0
platforms which support shared libraries.
.IP "\fB\-Bsymbolic\-functions\fR" 4
.IX Item "-Bsymbolic-functions"
When creating a shared library, bind references to global function
symbols to the definition within the shared library, if any.
This option is only meaningful on \s-1ELF\s0 platforms which support shared
libraries.
.IP "\fB\-\-dynamic\-list=\fR\fIdynamic-list-file\fR" 4
.IX Item "--dynamic-list=dynamic-list-file"
Specify the name of a dynamic list file to the linker.  This is
typically used when creating shared libraries to specify a list of
global symbols whose references shouldn't be bound to the definition
within the shared library, or creating dynamically linked executables
to specify a list of symbols which should be added to the symbol table
in the executable.  This option is only meaningful on \s-1ELF\s0 platforms
which support shared libraries.
.Sp
The format of the dynamic list is the same as the version node without
scope and node name.  See \fB\s-1VERSION\s0\fR for more information.
.IP "\fB\-\-dynamic\-list\-data\fR" 4
.IX Item "--dynamic-list-data"
Include all global data symbols to the dynamic list.
.IP "\fB\-\-dynamic\-list\-cpp\-new\fR" 4
.IX Item "--dynamic-list-cpp-new"
Provide the builtin dynamic list for \*(C+ operator new and delete.  It
is mainly useful for building shared libstdc++.
.IP "\fB\-\-dynamic\-list\-cpp\-typeinfo\fR" 4
.IX Item "--dynamic-list-cpp-typeinfo"
Provide the builtin dynamic list for \*(C+ runtime type identification.
.IP "\fB\-\-check\-sections\fR" 4
.IX Item "--check-sections"
.PD 0
.IP "\fB\-\-no\-check\-sections\fR" 4
.IX Item "--no-check-sections"
.PD
Asks the linker \fInot\fR to check section addresses after they have
been assigned to see if there are any overlaps.  Normally the linker will
perform this check, and if it finds any overlaps it will produce
suitable error messages.  The linker does know about, and does make
allowances for sections in overlays.  The default behaviour can be
restored by using the command line switch \fB\-\-check\-sections\fR.
Section overlap is not usually checked for relocatable links.  You can
force checking in that case by using the \fB\-\-check\-sections\fR
option.
.IP "\fB\-\-copy\-dt\-needed\-entries\fR" 4
.IX Item "--copy-dt-needed-entries"
.PD 0
.IP "\fB\-\-no\-copy\-dt\-needed\-entries\fR" 4
.IX Item "--no-copy-dt-needed-entries"
.PD
This option affects the treatment of dynamic libraries referred to 
by \s-1DT_NEEDED\s0 tags \fIinside\fR \s-1ELF\s0 dynamic libraries mentioned on the
command line.  Normally the linker will add a \s-1DT_NEEDED\s0 tag to the
output binary for each library mentioned in a \s-1DT_NEEDED\s0 tag in an
input dynamic library.  With \fB\-\-no\-copy\-dt\-needed\-entries\fR
specified on the command line however any dynamic libraries that
follow it will have their \s-1DT_NEEDED\s0 entries ignored.  The default
behaviour can be restored with \fB\-\-copy\-dt\-needed\-entries\fR.
.Sp
This option also has an effect on the resolution of symbols in dynamic
libraries.  With the default setting dynamic libraries mentioned on
the command line will be recursively searched, following their
\&\s-1DT_NEEDED\s0 tags to other libraries, in order to resolve symbols
required by the output binary.  With
\&\fB\-\-no\-copy\-dt\-needed\-entries\fR specified however the searching
of dynamic libraries that follow it will stop with the dynamic
library itself.  No \s-1DT_NEEDED\s0 links will be traversed to resolve
symbols.
.IP "\fB\-\-cref\fR" 4
.IX Item "--cref"
Output a cross reference table.  If a linker map file is being
generated, the cross reference table is printed to the map file.
Otherwise, it is printed on the standard output.
.Sp
The format of the table is intentionally simple, so that it may be
easily processed by a script if necessary.  The symbols are printed out,
sorted by name.  For each symbol, a list of file names is given.  If the
symbol is defined, the first file listed is the location of the
definition.  The remaining files contain references to the symbol.
.IP "\fB\-\-no\-define\-common\fR" 4
.IX Item "--no-define-common"
This option inhibits the assignment of addresses to common symbols.
The script command \f(CW\*(C`INHIBIT_COMMON_ALLOCATION\*(C'\fR has the same effect.
.Sp
The \fB\-\-no\-define\-common\fR option allows decoupling
the decision to assign addresses to Common symbols from the choice
of the output file type; otherwise a non-Relocatable output type
forces assigning addresses to Common symbols.
Using \fB\-\-no\-define\-common\fR allows Common symbols that are referenced
from a shared library to be assigned addresses only in the main program.
This eliminates the unused duplicate space in the shared library,
and also prevents any possible confusion over resolving to the wrong
duplicate when there are many dynamic modules with specialized search
paths for runtime symbol resolution.
.IP "\fB\-\-defsym=\fR\fIsymbol\fR\fB=\fR\fIexpression\fR" 4
.IX Item "--defsym=symbol=expression"
Create a global symbol in the output file, containing the absolute
address given by \fIexpression\fR.  You may use this option as many
times as necessary to define multiple symbols in the command line.  A
limited form of arithmetic is supported for the \fIexpression\fR in this
context: you may give a hexadecimal constant or the name of an existing
symbol, or use \f(CW\*(C`+\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`\-\*(C'\fR to add or subtract hexadecimal
constants or symbols.  If you need more elaborate expressions, consider
using the linker command language from a script.  \fINote:\fR there should be no white
space between \fIsymbol\fR, the equals sign ("\fB=\fR"), and
\&\fIexpression\fR.
.IP "\fB\-\-demangle[=\fR\fIstyle\fR\fB]\fR" 4
.IX Item "--demangle[=style]"
.PD 0
.IP "\fB\-\-no\-demangle\fR" 4
.IX Item "--no-demangle"
.PD
These options control whether to demangle symbol names in error messages
and other output.  When the linker is told to demangle, it tries to
present symbol names in a readable fashion: it strips leading
underscores if they are used by the object file format, and converts \*(C+
mangled symbol names into user readable names.  Different compilers have
different mangling styles.  The optional demangling style argument can be used
to choose an appropriate demangling style for your compiler.  The linker will
demangle by default unless the environment variable \fB\s-1COLLECT_NO_DEMANGLE\s0\fR
is set.  These options may be used to override the default.
.IP "\fB\-I\fR\fIfile\fR" 4
.IX Item "-Ifile"
.PD 0
.IP "\fB\-\-dynamic\-linker=\fR\fIfile\fR" 4
.IX Item "--dynamic-linker=file"
.PD
Set the name of the dynamic linker.  This is only meaningful when
generating dynamically linked \s-1ELF\s0 executables.  The default dynamic
linker is normally correct; don't use this unless you know what you are
doing.
.IP "\fB\-\-fatal\-warnings\fR" 4
.IX Item "--fatal-warnings"
.PD 0
.IP "\fB\-\-no\-fatal\-warnings\fR" 4
.IX Item "--no-fatal-warnings"
.PD
Treat all warnings as errors.  The default behaviour can be restored
with the option \fB\-\-no\-fatal\-warnings\fR.
.IP "\fB\-\-force\-exe\-suffix\fR" 4
.IX Item "--force-exe-suffix"
Make sure that an output file has a .exe suffix.
.Sp
If a successfully built fully linked output file does not have a
\&\f(CW\*(C`.exe\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`.dll\*(C'\fR suffix, this option forces the linker to copy
the output file to one of the same name with a \f(CW\*(C`.exe\*(C'\fR suffix. This
option is useful when using unmodified Unix makefiles on a Microsoft
Windows host, since some versions of Windows won't run an image unless
it ends in a \f(CW\*(C`.exe\*(C'\fR suffix.
.IP "\fB\-\-gc\-sections\fR" 4
.IX Item "--gc-sections"
.PD 0
.IP "\fB\-\-no\-gc\-sections\fR" 4
.IX Item "--no-gc-sections"
.PD
Enable garbage collection of unused input sections.  It is ignored on
targets that do not support this option.  The default behaviour (of not
performing this garbage collection) can be restored by specifying
\&\fB\-\-no\-gc\-sections\fR on the command line.
.Sp
\&\fB\-\-gc\-sections\fR decides which input sections are used by
examining symbols and relocations.  The section containing the entry
symbol and all sections containing symbols undefined on the
command-line will be kept, as will sections containing symbols
referenced by dynamic objects.  Note that when building shared
libraries, the linker must assume that any visible symbol is
referenced.  Once this initial set of sections has been determined,
the linker recursively marks as used any section referenced by their
relocations.  See \fB\-\-entry\fR and \fB\-\-undefined\fR.
.Sp
This option can be set when doing a partial link (enabled with option
\&\fB\-r\fR).  In this case the root of symbols kept must be explicitly 
specified either by an \fB\-\-entry\fR or \fB\-\-undefined\fR option or by
a \f(CW\*(C`ENTRY\*(C'\fR command in the linker script.
.IP "\fB\-\-print\-gc\-sections\fR" 4
.IX Item "--print-gc-sections"
.PD 0
.IP "\fB\-\-no\-print\-gc\-sections\fR" 4
.IX Item "--no-print-gc-sections"
.PD
List all sections removed by garbage collection.  The listing is
printed on stderr.  This option is only effective if garbage
collection has been enabled via the \fB\-\-gc\-sections\fR) option.  The
default behaviour (of not listing the sections that are removed) can
be restored by specifying \fB\-\-no\-print\-gc\-sections\fR on the command
line.
.IP "\fB\-\-help\fR" 4
.IX Item "--help"
Print a summary of the command-line options on the standard output and exit.
.IP "\fB\-\-target\-help\fR" 4
.IX Item "--target-help"
Print a summary of all target specific options on the standard output and exit.
.IP "\fB\-Map=\fR\fImapfile\fR" 4
.IX Item "-Map=mapfile"
Print a link map to the file \fImapfile\fR.  See the description of the
\&\fB\-M\fR option, above.
.IP "\fB\-\-no\-keep\-memory\fR" 4
.IX Item "--no-keep-memory"
\&\fBld\fR normally optimizes for speed over memory usage by caching the
symbol tables of input files in memory.  This option tells \fBld\fR to
instead optimize for memory usage, by rereading the symbol tables as
necessary.  This may be required if \fBld\fR runs out of memory space
while linking a large executable.
.IP "\fB\-\-no\-undefined\fR" 4
.IX Item "--no-undefined"
.PD 0
.IP "\fB\-z defs\fR" 4
.IX Item "-z defs"
.PD
Report unresolved symbol references from regular object files.  This
is done even if the linker is creating a non-symbolic shared library.
The switch \fB\-\-[no\-]allow\-shlib\-undefined\fR controls the
behaviour for reporting unresolved references found in shared
libraries being linked in.
.IP "\fB\-\-allow\-multiple\-definition\fR" 4
.IX Item "--allow-multiple-definition"
.PD 0
.IP "\fB\-z muldefs\fR" 4
.IX Item "-z muldefs"
.PD
Normally when a symbol is defined multiple times, the linker will
report a fatal error. These options allow multiple definitions and the
first definition will be used.
.IP "\fB\-\-allow\-shlib\-undefined\fR" 4
.IX Item "--allow-shlib-undefined"
.PD 0
.IP "\fB\-\-no\-allow\-shlib\-undefined\fR" 4
.IX Item "--no-allow-shlib-undefined"
.PD
Allows or disallows undefined symbols in shared libraries.
This switch is similar to \fB\-\-no\-undefined\fR except that it
determines the behaviour when the undefined symbols are in a
shared library rather than a regular object file.  It does not affect
how undefined symbols in regular object files are handled.
.Sp
The default behaviour is to report errors for any undefined symbols
referenced in shared libraries if the linker is being used to create
an executable, but to allow them if the linker is being used to create
a shared library.
.Sp
The reasons for allowing undefined symbol references in shared
libraries specified at link time are that:
.RS 4
.IP "\(bu" 4
A shared library specified at link time may not be the same as the one
that is available at load time, so the symbol might actually be
resolvable at load time.
.IP "\(bu" 4
There are some operating systems, eg BeOS and \s-1HPPA\s0, where undefined
symbols in shared libraries are normal.
.Sp
The BeOS kernel for example patches shared libraries at load time to
select whichever function is most appropriate for the current
architecture.  This is used, for example, to dynamically select an
appropriate memset function.
.RE
.RS 4
.RE
.IP "\fB\-\-no\-undefined\-version\fR" 4
.IX Item "--no-undefined-version"
Normally when a symbol has an undefined version, the linker will ignore
it. This option disallows symbols with undefined version and a fatal error
will be issued instead.
.IP "\fB\-\-default\-symver\fR" 4
.IX Item "--default-symver"
Create and use a default symbol version (the soname) for unversioned
exported symbols.
.IP "\fB\-\-default\-imported\-symver\fR" 4
.IX Item "--default-imported-symver"
Create and use a default symbol version (the soname) for unversioned
imported symbols.
.IP "\fB\-\-no\-warn\-mismatch\fR" 4
.IX Item "--no-warn-mismatch"
Normally \fBld\fR will give an error if you try to link together input
files that are mismatched for some reason, perhaps because they have
been compiled for different processors or for different endiannesses.
This option tells \fBld\fR that it should silently permit such possible
errors.  This option should only be used with care, in cases when you
have taken some special action that ensures that the linker errors are
inappropriate.
.IP "\fB\-\-no\-warn\-search\-mismatch\fR" 4
.IX Item "--no-warn-search-mismatch"
Normally \fBld\fR will give a warning if it finds an incompatible
library during a library search.  This option silences the warning.
.IP "\fB\-\-no\-whole\-archive\fR" 4
.IX Item "--no-whole-archive"
Turn off the effect of the \fB\-\-whole\-archive\fR option for subsequent
archive files.
.IP "\fB\-\-noinhibit\-exec\fR" 4
.IX Item "--noinhibit-exec"
Retain the executable output file whenever it is still usable.
Normally, the linker will not produce an output file if it encounters
errors during the link process; it exits without writing an output file
when it issues any error whatsoever.
.IP "\fB\-nostdlib\fR" 4
.IX Item "-nostdlib"
Only search library directories explicitly specified on the
command line.  Library directories specified in linker scripts
(including linker scripts specified on the command line) are ignored.
.IP "\fB\-\-oformat=\fR\fIoutput-format\fR" 4
.IX Item "--oformat=output-format"
\&\fBld\fR may be configured to support more than one kind of object
file.  If your \fBld\fR is configured this way, you can use the
\&\fB\-\-oformat\fR option to specify the binary format for the output
object file.  Even when \fBld\fR is configured to support alternative
object formats, you don't usually need to specify this, as \fBld\fR
should be configured to produce as a default output format the most
usual format on each machine.  \fIoutput-format\fR is a text string, the
name of a particular format supported by the \s-1BFD\s0 libraries.  (You can
list the available binary formats with \fBobjdump \-i\fR.)  The script
command \f(CW\*(C`OUTPUT_FORMAT\*(C'\fR can also specify the output format, but
this option overrides it.
.IP "\fB\-pie\fR" 4
.IX Item "-pie"
.PD 0
.IP "\fB\-\-pic\-executable\fR" 4
.IX Item "--pic-executable"
.PD
Create a position independent executable.  This is currently only supported on
\&\s-1ELF\s0 platforms.  Position independent executables are similar to shared
libraries in that they are relocated by the dynamic linker to the virtual
address the \s-1OS\s0 chooses for them (which can vary between invocations).  Like
normal dynamically linked executables they can be executed and symbols
defined in the executable cannot be overridden by shared libraries.
.IP "\fB\-qmagic\fR" 4
.IX Item "-qmagic"
This option is ignored for Linux compatibility.
.IP "\fB\-Qy\fR" 4
.IX Item "-Qy"
This option is ignored for \s-1SVR4\s0 compatibility.
.IP "\fB\-\-relax\fR" 4
.IX Item "--relax"
.PD 0
.IP "\fB\-\-no\-relax\fR" 4
.IX Item "--no-relax"
.PD
An option with machine dependent effects.
This option is only supported on a few targets.
.Sp
On some platforms the \fB\-\-relax\fR option performs target specific,
global optimizations that become possible when the linker resolves
addressing in the program, such as relaxing address modes,
synthesizing new instructions, selecting shorter version of current
instructions, and combinig constant values.
.Sp
On some platforms these link time global optimizations may make symbolic
debugging of the resulting executable impossible.
This is known to be the case for the Matsushita \s-1MN10200\s0 and \s-1MN10300\s0
family of processors.
.Sp
On platforms where this is not supported, \fB\-\-relax\fR is accepted,
but ignored.
.Sp
On platforms where \fB\-\-relax\fR is accepted the option
\&\fB\-\-no\-relax\fR can be used to disable the feature.
.IP "\fB\-\-retain\-symbols\-file=\fR\fIfilename\fR" 4
.IX Item "--retain-symbols-file=filename"
Retain \fIonly\fR the symbols listed in the file \fIfilename\fR,
discarding all others.  \fIfilename\fR is simply a flat file, with one
symbol name per line.  This option is especially useful in environments
(such as VxWorks)
where a large global symbol table is accumulated gradually, to conserve
run-time memory.
.Sp
\&\fB\-\-retain\-symbols\-file\fR does \fInot\fR discard undefined symbols,
or symbols needed for relocations.
.Sp
You may only specify \fB\-\-retain\-symbols\-file\fR once in the command
line.  It overrides \fB\-s\fR and \fB\-S\fR.
.IP "\fB\-rpath=\fR\fIdir\fR" 4
.IX Item "-rpath=dir"
Add a directory to the runtime library search path.  This is used when
linking an \s-1ELF\s0 executable with shared objects.  All \fB\-rpath\fR
arguments are concatenated and passed to the runtime linker, which uses
them to locate shared objects at runtime.  The \fB\-rpath\fR option is
also used when locating shared objects which are needed by shared
objects explicitly included in the link; see the description of the
\&\fB\-rpath\-link\fR option.  If \fB\-rpath\fR is not used when linking an
\&\s-1ELF\s0 executable, the contents of the environment variable
\&\f(CW\*(C`LD_RUN_PATH\*(C'\fR will be used if it is defined.
.Sp
The \fB\-rpath\fR option may also be used on SunOS.  By default, on
SunOS, the linker will form a runtime search patch out of all the
\&\fB\-L\fR options it is given.  If a \fB\-rpath\fR option is used, the
runtime search path will be formed exclusively using the \fB\-rpath\fR
options, ignoring the \fB\-L\fR options.  This can be useful when using
gcc, which adds many \fB\-L\fR options which may be on \s-1NFS\s0 mounted
file systems.
.Sp
For compatibility with other \s-1ELF\s0 linkers, if the \fB\-R\fR option is
followed by a directory name, rather than a file name, it is treated as
the \fB\-rpath\fR option.
.IP "\fB\-rpath\-link=\fR\fIdir\fR" 4
.IX Item "-rpath-link=dir"
When using \s-1ELF\s0 or SunOS, one shared library may require another.  This
happens when an \f(CW\*(C`ld \-shared\*(C'\fR link includes a shared library as one
of the input files.
.Sp
When the linker encounters such a dependency when doing a non-shared,
non-relocatable link, it will automatically try to locate the required
shared library and include it in the link, if it is not included
explicitly.  In such a case, the \fB\-rpath\-link\fR option
specifies the first set of directories to search.  The
\&\fB\-rpath\-link\fR option may specify a sequence of directory names
either by specifying a list of names separated by colons, or by
appearing multiple times.
.Sp
This option should be used with caution as it overrides the search path
that may have been hard compiled into a shared library. In such a case it
is possible to use unintentionally a different search path than the
runtime linker would do.
.Sp
The linker uses the following search paths to locate required shared
libraries:
.RS 4
.IP "1." 4
Any directories specified by \fB\-rpath\-link\fR options.
.IP "2." 4
Any directories specified by \fB\-rpath\fR options.  The difference
between \fB\-rpath\fR and \fB\-rpath\-link\fR is that directories
specified by \fB\-rpath\fR options are included in the executable and
used at runtime, whereas the \fB\-rpath\-link\fR option is only effective
at link time. Searching \fB\-rpath\fR in this way is only supported
by native linkers and cross linkers which have been configured with
the \fB\-\-with\-sysroot\fR option.
.IP "3." 4
On an \s-1ELF\s0 system, for native linkers, if the \fB\-rpath\fR and
\&\fB\-rpath\-link\fR options were not used, search the contents of the
environment variable \f(CW\*(C`LD_RUN_PATH\*(C'\fR.
.IP "4." 4
On SunOS, if the \fB\-rpath\fR option was not used, search any
directories specified using \fB\-L\fR options.
.IP "5." 4
For a native linker, the search the contents of the environment
variable \f(CW\*(C`LD_LIBRARY_PATH\*(C'\fR.
.IP "6." 4
For a native \s-1ELF\s0 linker, the directories in \f(CW\*(C`DT_RUNPATH\*(C'\fR or
\&\f(CW\*(C`DT_RPATH\*(C'\fR of a shared library are searched for shared
libraries needed by it. The \f(CW\*(C`DT_RPATH\*(C'\fR entries are ignored if
\&\f(CW\*(C`DT_RUNPATH\*(C'\fR entries exist.
.IP "7." 4
The default directories, normally \fI/lib\fR and \fI/usr/lib\fR.
.IP "8." 4
For a native linker on an \s-1ELF\s0 system, if the file \fI/etc/ld.so.conf\fR
exists, the list of directories found in that file.
.RE
.RS 4
.Sp
If the required shared library is not found, the linker will issue a
warning and continue with the link.
.RE
.IP "\fB\-shared\fR" 4
.IX Item "-shared"
.PD 0
.IP "\fB\-Bshareable\fR" 4
.IX Item "-Bshareable"
.PD
Create a shared library.  This is currently only supported on \s-1ELF\s0, \s-1XCOFF\s0
and SunOS platforms.  On SunOS, the linker will automatically create a
shared library if the \fB\-e\fR option is not used and there are
undefined symbols in the link.
.IP "\fB\-\-sort\-common\fR" 4
.IX Item "--sort-common"
.PD 0
.IP "\fB\-\-sort\-common=ascending\fR" 4
.IX Item "--sort-common=ascending"
.IP "\fB\-\-sort\-common=descending\fR" 4
.IX Item "--sort-common=descending"
.PD
This option tells \fBld\fR to sort the common symbols by alignment in
ascending or descending order when it places them in the appropriate output
sections.  The symbol alignments considered are sixteen-byte or larger,
eight-byte, four-byte, two-byte, and one-byte. This is to prevent gaps
between symbols due to alignment constraints.  If no sorting order is
specified, then descending order is assumed.
.IP "\fB\-\-sort\-section=name\fR" 4
.IX Item "--sort-section=name"
This option will apply \f(CW\*(C`SORT_BY_NAME\*(C'\fR to all wildcard section
patterns in the linker script.
.IP "\fB\-\-sort\-section=alignment\fR" 4
.IX Item "--sort-section=alignment"
This option will apply \f(CW\*(C`SORT_BY_ALIGNMENT\*(C'\fR to all wildcard section
patterns in the linker script.
.IP "\fB\-\-split\-by\-file[=\fR\fIsize\fR\fB]\fR" 4
.IX Item "--split-by-file[=size]"
Similar to \fB\-\-split\-by\-reloc\fR but creates a new output section for
each input file when \fIsize\fR is reached.  \fIsize\fR defaults to a
size of 1 if not given.
.IP "\fB\-\-split\-by\-reloc[=\fR\fIcount\fR\fB]\fR" 4
.IX Item "--split-by-reloc[=count]"
Tries to creates extra sections in the output file so that no single
output section in the file contains more than \fIcount\fR relocations.
This is useful when generating huge relocatable files for downloading into
certain real time kernels with the \s-1COFF\s0 object file format; since \s-1COFF\s0
cannot represent more than 65535 relocations in a single section.  Note
that this will fail to work with object file formats which do not
support arbitrary sections.  The linker will not split up individual
input sections for redistribution, so if a single input section contains
more than \fIcount\fR relocations one output section will contain that
many relocations.  \fIcount\fR defaults to a value of 32768.
.IP "\fB\-\-stats\fR" 4
.IX Item "--stats"
Compute and display statistics about the operation of the linker, such
as execution time and memory usage.
.IP "\fB\-\-sysroot=\fR\fIdirectory\fR" 4
.IX Item "--sysroot=directory"
Use \fIdirectory\fR as the location of the sysroot, overriding the
configure-time default.  This option is only supported by linkers
that were configured using \fB\-\-with\-sysroot\fR.
.IP "\fB\-\-traditional\-format\fR" 4
.IX Item "--traditional-format"
For some targets, the output of \fBld\fR is different in some ways from
the output of some existing linker.  This switch requests \fBld\fR to
use the traditional format instead.
.Sp
For example, on SunOS, \fBld\fR combines duplicate entries in the
symbol string table.  This can reduce the size of an output file with
full debugging information by over 30 percent.  Unfortunately, the SunOS
\&\f(CW\*(C`dbx\*(C'\fR program can not read the resulting program (\f(CW\*(C`gdb\*(C'\fR has no
trouble).  The \fB\-\-traditional\-format\fR switch tells \fBld\fR to not
combine duplicate entries.
.IP "\fB\-\-section\-start=\fR\fIsectionname\fR\fB=\fR\fIorg\fR" 4
.IX Item "--section-start=sectionname=org"
Locate a section in the output file at the absolute
address given by \fIorg\fR.  You may use this option as many
times as necessary to locate multiple sections in the command
line.
\&\fIorg\fR must be a single hexadecimal integer;
for compatibility with other linkers, you may omit the leading
\&\fB0x\fR usually associated with hexadecimal values.  \fINote:\fR there
should be no white space between \fIsectionname\fR, the equals
sign ("\fB=\fR"), and \fIorg\fR.
.IP "\fB\-Tbss=\fR\fIorg\fR" 4
.IX Item "-Tbss=org"
.PD 0
.IP "\fB\-Tdata=\fR\fIorg\fR" 4
.IX Item "-Tdata=org"
.IP "\fB\-Ttext=\fR\fIorg\fR" 4
.IX Item "-Ttext=org"
.PD
Same as \fB\-\-section\-start\fR, with \f(CW\*(C`.bss\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`.data\*(C'\fR or
\&\f(CW\*(C`.text\*(C'\fR as the \fIsectionname\fR.
.IP "\fB\-Ttext\-segment=\fR\fIorg\fR" 4
.IX Item "-Ttext-segment=org"
When creating an \s-1ELF\s0 executable or shared object, it will set the address
of the first byte of the text segment.
.IP "\fB\-\-unresolved\-symbols=\fR\fImethod\fR" 4
.IX Item "--unresolved-symbols=method"
Determine how to handle unresolved symbols.  There are four possible
values for \fBmethod\fR:
.RS 4
.IP "\fBignore-all\fR" 4
.IX Item "ignore-all"
Do not report any unresolved symbols.
.IP "\fBreport-all\fR" 4
.IX Item "report-all"
Report all unresolved symbols.  This is the default.
.IP "\fBignore-in-object-files\fR" 4
.IX Item "ignore-in-object-files"
Report unresolved symbols that are contained in shared libraries, but
ignore them if they come from regular object files.
.IP "\fBignore-in-shared-libs\fR" 4
.IX Item "ignore-in-shared-libs"
Report unresolved symbols that come from regular object files, but
ignore them if they come from shared libraries.  This can be useful
when creating a dynamic binary and it is known that all the shared
libraries that it should be referencing are included on the linker's
command line.
.RE
.RS 4
.Sp
The behaviour for shared libraries on their own can also be controlled
by the \fB\-\-[no\-]allow\-shlib\-undefined\fR option.
.Sp
Normally the linker will generate an error message for each reported
unresolved symbol but the option \fB\-\-warn\-unresolved\-symbols\fR
can change this to a warning.
.RE
.IP "\fB\-\-dll\-verbose\fR" 4
.IX Item "--dll-verbose"
.PD 0
.IP "\fB\-\-verbose\fR" 4
.IX Item "--verbose"
.PD
Display the version number for \fBld\fR and list the linker emulations
supported.  Display which input files can and cannot be opened.  Display
the linker script being used by the linker.
.IP "\fB\-\-version\-script=\fR\fIversion-scriptfile\fR" 4
.IX Item "--version-script=version-scriptfile"
Specify the name of a version script to the linker.  This is typically
used when creating shared libraries to specify additional information
about the version hierarchy for the library being created.  This option
is only fully supported on \s-1ELF\s0 platforms which support shared libraries;
see \fB\s-1VERSION\s0\fR.  It is partially supported on \s-1PE\s0 platforms, which can
use version scripts to filter symbol visibility in auto-export mode: any
symbols marked \fBlocal\fR in the version script will not be exported.
.IP "\fB\-\-warn\-common\fR" 4
.IX Item "--warn-common"
Warn when a common symbol is combined with another common symbol or with
a symbol definition.  Unix linkers allow this somewhat sloppy practise,
but linkers on some other operating systems do not.  This option allows
you to find potential problems from combining global symbols.
Unfortunately, some C libraries use this practise, so you may get some
warnings about symbols in the libraries as well as in your programs.
.Sp
There are three kinds of global symbols, illustrated here by C examples:
.RS 4
.IP "\fBint i = 1;\fR" 4
.IX Item "int i = 1;"
A definition, which goes in the initialized data section of the output
file.
.IP "\fBextern int i;\fR" 4
.IX Item "extern int i;"
An undefined reference, which does not allocate space.
There must be either a definition or a common symbol for the
variable somewhere.
.IP "\fBint i;\fR" 4
.IX Item "int i;"
A common symbol.  If there are only (one or more) common symbols for a
variable, it goes in the uninitialized data area of the output file.
The linker merges multiple common symbols for the same variable into a
single symbol.  If they are of different sizes, it picks the largest
size.  The linker turns a common symbol into a declaration, if there is
a definition of the same variable.
.RE
.RS 4
.Sp
The \fB\-\-warn\-common\fR option can produce five kinds of warnings.
Each warning consists of a pair of lines: the first describes the symbol
just encountered, and the second describes the previous symbol
encountered with the same name.  One or both of the two symbols will be
a common symbol.
.IP "1." 4
Turning a common symbol into a reference, because there is already a
definition for the symbol.
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        <file>(<section>): warning: common of \`<symbol>\*(Aq
\&           overridden by definition
\&        <file>(<section>): warning: defined here
.Ve
.IP "2." 4
Turning a common symbol into a reference, because a later definition for
the symbol is encountered.  This is the same as the previous case,
except that the symbols are encountered in a different order.
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        <file>(<section>): warning: definition of \`<symbol>\*(Aq
\&           overriding common
\&        <file>(<section>): warning: common is here
.Ve
.IP "3." 4
Merging a common symbol with a previous same-sized common symbol.
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        <file>(<section>): warning: multiple common
\&           of \`<symbol>\*(Aq
\&        <file>(<section>): warning: previous common is here
.Ve
.IP "4." 4
Merging a common symbol with a previous larger common symbol.
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        <file>(<section>): warning: common of \`<symbol>\*(Aq
\&           overridden by larger common
\&        <file>(<section>): warning: larger common is here
.Ve
.IP "5." 4
Merging a common symbol with a previous smaller common symbol.  This is
the same as the previous case, except that the symbols are
encountered in a different order.
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        <file>(<section>): warning: common of \`<symbol>\*(Aq
\&           overriding smaller common
\&        <file>(<section>): warning: smaller common is here
.Ve
.RE
.RS 4
.RE
.IP "\fB\-\-warn\-constructors\fR" 4
.IX Item "--warn-constructors"
Warn if any global constructors are used.  This is only useful for a few
object file formats.  For formats like \s-1COFF\s0 or \s-1ELF\s0, the linker can not
detect the use of global constructors.
.IP "\fB\-\-warn\-multiple\-gp\fR" 4
.IX Item "--warn-multiple-gp"
Warn if multiple global pointer values are required in the output file.
This is only meaningful for certain processors, such as the Alpha.
Specifically, some processors put large-valued constants in a special
section.  A special register (the global pointer) points into the middle
of this section, so that constants can be loaded efficiently via a
base-register relative addressing mode.  Since the offset in
base-register relative mode is fixed and relatively small (e.g., 16
bits), this limits the maximum size of the constant pool.  Thus, in
large programs, it is often necessary to use multiple global pointer
values in order to be able to address all possible constants.  This
option causes a warning to be issued whenever this case occurs.
.IP "\fB\-\-warn\-once\fR" 4
.IX Item "--warn-once"
Only warn once for each undefined symbol, rather than once per module
which refers to it.
.IP "\fB\-\-warn\-section\-align\fR" 4
.IX Item "--warn-section-align"
Warn if the address of an output section is changed because of
alignment.  Typically, the alignment will be set by an input section.
The address will only be changed if it not explicitly specified; that
is, if the \f(CW\*(C`SECTIONS\*(C'\fR command does not specify a start address for
the section.
.IP "\fB\-\-warn\-shared\-textrel\fR" 4
.IX Item "--warn-shared-textrel"
Warn if the linker adds a \s-1DT_TEXTREL\s0 to a shared object.
.IP "\fB\-\-warn\-alternate\-em\fR" 4
.IX Item "--warn-alternate-em"
Warn if an object has alternate \s-1ELF\s0 machine code.
.IP "\fB\-\-warn\-unresolved\-symbols\fR" 4
.IX Item "--warn-unresolved-symbols"
If the linker is going to report an unresolved symbol (see the option
\&\fB\-\-unresolved\-symbols\fR) it will normally generate an error.
This option makes it generate a warning instead.
.IP "\fB\-\-error\-unresolved\-symbols\fR" 4
.IX Item "--error-unresolved-symbols"
This restores the linker's default behaviour of generating errors when
it is reporting unresolved symbols.
.IP "\fB\-\-whole\-archive\fR" 4
.IX Item "--whole-archive"
For each archive mentioned on the command line after the
\&\fB\-\-whole\-archive\fR option, include every object file in the archive
in the link, rather than searching the archive for the required object
files.  This is normally used to turn an archive file into a shared
library, forcing every object to be included in the resulting shared
library.  This option may be used more than once.
.Sp
Two notes when using this option from gcc: First, gcc doesn't know
about this option, so you have to use \fB\-Wl,\-whole\-archive\fR.
Second, don't forget to use \fB\-Wl,\-no\-whole\-archive\fR after your
list of archives, because gcc will add its own list of archives to
your link and you may not want this flag to affect those as well.
.IP "\fB\-\-wrap=\fR\fIsymbol\fR" 4
.IX Item "--wrap=symbol"
Use a wrapper function for \fIsymbol\fR.  Any undefined reference to
\&\fIsymbol\fR will be resolved to \f(CW\*(C`_\|_wrap_\f(CIsymbol\f(CW\*(C'\fR.  Any
undefined reference to \f(CW\*(C`_\|_real_\f(CIsymbol\f(CW\*(C'\fR will be resolved to
\&\fIsymbol\fR.
.Sp
This can be used to provide a wrapper for a system function.  The
wrapper function should be called \f(CW\*(C`_\|_wrap_\f(CIsymbol\f(CW\*(C'\fR.  If it
wishes to call the system function, it should call
\&\f(CW\*(C`_\|_real_\f(CIsymbol\f(CW\*(C'\fR.
.Sp
Here is a trivial example:
.Sp
.Vb 6
\&        void *
\&        _\|_wrap_malloc (size_t c)
\&        {
\&          printf ("malloc called with %zu\en", c);
\&          return _\|_real_malloc (c);
\&        }
.Ve
.Sp
If you link other code with this file using \fB\-\-wrap malloc\fR, then
all calls to \f(CW\*(C`malloc\*(C'\fR will call the function \f(CW\*(C`_\|_wrap_malloc\*(C'\fR
instead.  The call to \f(CW\*(C`_\|_real_malloc\*(C'\fR in \f(CW\*(C`_\|_wrap_malloc\*(C'\fR will
call the real \f(CW\*(C`malloc\*(C'\fR function.
.Sp
You may wish to provide a \f(CW\*(C`_\|_real_malloc\*(C'\fR function as well, so that
links without the \fB\-\-wrap\fR option will succeed.  If you do this,
you should not put the definition of \f(CW\*(C`_\|_real_malloc\*(C'\fR in the same
file as \f(CW\*(C`_\|_wrap_malloc\*(C'\fR; if you do, the assembler may resolve the
call before the linker has a chance to wrap it to \f(CW\*(C`malloc\*(C'\fR.
.IP "\fB\-\-eh\-frame\-hdr\fR" 4
.IX Item "--eh-frame-hdr"
Request creation of \f(CW\*(C`.eh_frame_hdr\*(C'\fR section and \s-1ELF\s0
\&\f(CW\*(C`PT_GNU_EH_FRAME\*(C'\fR segment header.
.IP "\fB\-\-enable\-new\-dtags\fR" 4
.IX Item "--enable-new-dtags"
.PD 0
.IP "\fB\-\-disable\-new\-dtags\fR" 4
.IX Item "--disable-new-dtags"
.PD
This linker can create the new dynamic tags in \s-1ELF\s0. But the older \s-1ELF\s0
systems may not understand them. If you specify
\&\fB\-\-enable\-new\-dtags\fR, the dynamic tags will be created as needed.
If you specify \fB\-\-disable\-new\-dtags\fR, no new dynamic tags will be
created. By default, the new dynamic tags are not created. Note that
those options are only available for \s-1ELF\s0 systems.
.IP "\fB\-\-hash\-size=\fR\fInumber\fR" 4
.IX Item "--hash-size=number"
Set the default size of the linker's hash tables to a prime number
close to \fInumber\fR.  Increasing this value can reduce the length of
time it takes the linker to perform its tasks, at the expense of
increasing the linker's memory requirements.  Similarly reducing this
value can reduce the memory requirements at the expense of speed.
.IP "\fB\-\-hash\-style=\fR\fIstyle\fR" 4
.IX Item "--hash-style=style"
Set the type of linker's hash table(s).  \fIstyle\fR can be either
\&\f(CW\*(C`sysv\*(C'\fR for classic \s-1ELF\s0 \f(CW\*(C`.hash\*(C'\fR section, \f(CW\*(C`gnu\*(C'\fR for
new style \s-1GNU\s0 \f(CW\*(C`.gnu.hash\*(C'\fR section or \f(CW\*(C`both\*(C'\fR for both
the classic \s-1ELF\s0 \f(CW\*(C`.hash\*(C'\fR and new style \s-1GNU\s0 \f(CW\*(C`.gnu.hash\*(C'\fR
hash tables.  The default is \f(CW\*(C`sysv\*(C'\fR.
.IP "\fB\-\-reduce\-memory\-overheads\fR" 4
.IX Item "--reduce-memory-overheads"
This option reduces memory requirements at ld runtime, at the expense of
linking speed.  This was introduced to select the old O(n^2) algorithm
for link map file generation, rather than the new O(n) algorithm which uses
about 40% more memory for symbol storage.
.Sp
Another effect of the switch is to set the default hash table size to
1021, which again saves memory at the cost of lengthening the linker's
run time.  This is not done however if the \fB\-\-hash\-size\fR switch
has been used.
.Sp
The \fB\-\-reduce\-memory\-overheads\fR switch may be also be used to
enable other tradeoffs in future versions of the linker.
.IP "\fB\-\-build\-id\fR" 4
.IX Item "--build-id"
.PD 0
.IP "\fB\-\-build\-id=\fR\fIstyle\fR" 4
.IX Item "--build-id=style"
.PD
Request creation of \f(CW\*(C`.note.gnu.build\-id\*(C'\fR \s-1ELF\s0 note section.
The contents of the note are unique bits identifying this linked
file.  \fIstyle\fR can be \f(CW\*(C`uuid\*(C'\fR to use 128 random bits,
\&\f(CW\*(C`sha1\*(C'\fR to use a 160\-bit \s-1SHA1\s0 hash on the normative
parts of the output contents, \f(CW\*(C`md5\*(C'\fR to use a 128\-bit
\&\s-1MD5\s0 hash on the normative parts of the output contents, or
\&\f(CW\*(C`0x\f(CIhexstring\f(CW\*(C'\fR to use a chosen bit string specified as
an even number of hexadecimal digits (\f(CW\*(C`\-\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`:\*(C'\fR
characters between digit pairs are ignored).  If \fIstyle\fR is
omitted, \f(CW\*(C`sha1\*(C'\fR is used.
.Sp
The \f(CW\*(C`md5\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`sha1\*(C'\fR styles produces an identifier
that is always the same in an identical output file, but will be
unique among all nonidentical output files.  It is not intended
to be compared as a checksum for the file's contents.  A linked
file may be changed later by other tools, but the build \s-1ID\s0 bit
string identifying the original linked file does not change.
.Sp
Passing \f(CW\*(C`none\*(C'\fR for \fIstyle\fR disables the setting from any
\&\f(CW\*(C`\-\-build\-id\*(C'\fR options earlier on the command line.
.PP
The i386 \s-1PE\s0 linker supports the \fB\-shared\fR option, which causes
the output to be a dynamically linked library (\s-1DLL\s0) instead of a
normal executable.  You should name the output \f(CW\*(C`*.dll\*(C'\fR when you
use this option.  In addition, the linker fully supports the standard
\&\f(CW\*(C`*.def\*(C'\fR files, which may be specified on the linker command line
like an object file (in fact, it should precede archives it exports
symbols from, to ensure that they get linked in, just like a normal
object file).
.PP
In addition to the options common to all targets, the i386 \s-1PE\s0 linker
support additional command line options that are specific to the i386
\&\s-1PE\s0 target.  Options that take values may be separated from their
values by either a space or an equals sign.
.IP "\fB\-\-add\-stdcall\-alias\fR" 4
.IX Item "--add-stdcall-alias"
If given, symbols with a stdcall suffix (@\fInn\fR) will be exported
as-is and also with the suffix stripped.
[This option is specific to the i386 \s-1PE\s0 targeted port of the linker]
.IP "\fB\-\-base\-file\fR \fIfile\fR" 4
.IX Item "--base-file file"
Use \fIfile\fR as the name of a file in which to save the base
addresses of all the relocations needed for generating DLLs with
\&\fIdlltool\fR.
[This is an i386 \s-1PE\s0 specific option]
.IP "\fB\-\-dll\fR" 4
.IX Item "--dll"
Create a \s-1DLL\s0 instead of a regular executable.  You may also use
\&\fB\-shared\fR or specify a \f(CW\*(C`LIBRARY\*(C'\fR in a given \f(CW\*(C`.def\*(C'\fR
file.
[This option is specific to the i386 \s-1PE\s0 targeted port of the linker]
.IP "\fB\-\-enable\-long\-section\-names\fR" 4
.IX Item "--enable-long-section-names"
.PD 0
.IP "\fB\-\-disable\-long\-section\-names\fR" 4
.IX Item "--disable-long-section-names"
.PD
The \s-1PE\s0 variants of the Coff object format add an extension that permits
the use of section names longer than eight characters, the normal limit
for Coff.  By default, these names are only allowed in object files, as
fully-linked executable images do not carry the Coff string table required
to support the longer names.  As a \s-1GNU\s0 extension, it is possible to
allow their use in executable images as well, or to (probably pointlessly!)
disallow it in object files, by using these two options.  Executable images
generated with these long section names are slightly non-standard, carrying
as they do a string table, and may generate confusing output when examined
with non-GNU PE-aware tools, such as file viewers and dumpers.  However, 
\&\s-1GDB\s0 relies on the use of \s-1PE\s0 long section names to find Dwarf\-2 debug 
information sections in an executable image at runtime, and so if neither
option is specified on the command-line, \fBld\fR will enable long
section names, overriding the default and technically correct behaviour,
when it finds the presence of debug information while linking an executable
image and not stripping symbols.
[This option is valid for all \s-1PE\s0 targeted ports of the linker]
.IP "\fB\-\-enable\-stdcall\-fixup\fR" 4
.IX Item "--enable-stdcall-fixup"
.PD 0
.IP "\fB\-\-disable\-stdcall\-fixup\fR" 4
.IX Item "--disable-stdcall-fixup"
.PD
If the link finds a symbol that it cannot resolve, it will attempt to
do \*(L"fuzzy linking\*(R" by looking for another defined symbol that differs
only in the format of the symbol name (cdecl vs stdcall) and will
resolve that symbol by linking to the match.  For example, the
undefined symbol \f(CW\*(C`_foo\*(C'\fR might be linked to the function
\&\f(CW\*(C`_foo@12\*(C'\fR, or the undefined symbol \f(CW\*(C`_bar@16\*(C'\fR might be linked
to the function \f(CW\*(C`_bar\*(C'\fR.  When the linker does this, it prints a
warning, since it normally should have failed to link, but sometimes
import libraries generated from third-party dlls may need this feature
to be usable.  If you specify \fB\-\-enable\-stdcall\-fixup\fR, this
feature is fully enabled and warnings are not printed.  If you specify
\&\fB\-\-disable\-stdcall\-fixup\fR, this feature is disabled and such
mismatches are considered to be errors.
[This option is specific to the i386 \s-1PE\s0 targeted port of the linker]
.IP "\fB\-\-leading\-underscore\fR" 4
.IX Item "--leading-underscore"
.PD 0
.IP "\fB\-\-no\-leading\-underscore\fR" 4
.IX Item "--no-leading-underscore"
.PD
For most targets default symbol-prefix is an underscore and is defined
in target's description. By this option it is possible to
disable/enable the default underscore symbol-prefix.
.IP "\fB\-\-export\-all\-symbols\fR" 4
.IX Item "--export-all-symbols"
If given, all global symbols in the objects used to build a \s-1DLL\s0 will
be exported by the \s-1DLL\s0.  Note that this is the default if there
otherwise wouldn't be any exported symbols.  When symbols are
explicitly exported via \s-1DEF\s0 files or implicitly exported via function
attributes, the default is to not export anything else unless this
option is given.  Note that the symbols \f(CW\*(C`DllMain@12\*(C'\fR,
\&\f(CW\*(C`DllEntryPoint@0\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`DllMainCRTStartup@12\*(C'\fR, and
\&\f(CW\*(C`impure_ptr\*(C'\fR will not be automatically
exported.  Also, symbols imported from other DLLs will not be
re-exported, nor will symbols specifying the \s-1DLL\s0's internal layout
such as those beginning with \f(CW\*(C`_head_\*(C'\fR or ending with
\&\f(CW\*(C`_iname\*(C'\fR.  In addition, no symbols from \f(CW\*(C`libgcc\*(C'\fR,
\&\f(CW\*(C`libstd++\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`libmingw32\*(C'\fR, or \f(CW\*(C`crtX.o\*(C'\fR will be exported.
Symbols whose names begin with \f(CW\*(C`_\|_rtti_\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`_\|_builtin_\*(C'\fR will
not be exported, to help with \*(C+ DLLs.  Finally, there is an
extensive list of cygwin-private symbols that are not exported
(obviously, this applies on when building DLLs for cygwin targets).
These cygwin-excludes are: \f(CW\*(C`_cygwin_dll_entry@12\*(C'\fR,
\&\f(CW\*(C`_cygwin_crt0_common@8\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`_cygwin_noncygwin_dll_entry@12\*(C'\fR,
\&\f(CW\*(C`_fmode\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`_impure_ptr\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`cygwin_attach_dll\*(C'\fR,
\&\f(CW\*(C`cygwin_premain0\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`cygwin_premain1\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`cygwin_premain2\*(C'\fR,
\&\f(CW\*(C`cygwin_premain3\*(C'\fR, and \f(CW\*(C`environ\*(C'\fR.
[This option is specific to the i386 \s-1PE\s0 targeted port of the linker]
.IP "\fB\-\-exclude\-symbols\fR \fIsymbol\fR\fB,\fR\fIsymbol\fR\fB,...\fR" 4
.IX Item "--exclude-symbols symbol,symbol,..."
Specifies a list of symbols which should not be automatically
exported.  The symbol names may be delimited by commas or colons.
[This option is specific to the i386 \s-1PE\s0 targeted port of the linker]
.IP "\fB\-\-exclude\-all\-symbols\fR" 4
.IX Item "--exclude-all-symbols"
Specifies no symbols should be automatically exported.
[This option is specific to the i386 \s-1PE\s0 targeted port of the linker]
.IP "\fB\-\-file\-alignment\fR" 4
.IX Item "--file-alignment"
Specify the file alignment.  Sections in the file will always begin at
file offsets which are multiples of this number.  This defaults to
512.
[This option is specific to the i386 \s-1PE\s0 targeted port of the linker]
.IP "\fB\-\-heap\fR \fIreserve\fR" 4
.IX Item "--heap reserve"
.PD 0
.IP "\fB\-\-heap\fR \fIreserve\fR\fB,\fR\fIcommit\fR" 4
.IX Item "--heap reserve,commit"
.PD
Specify the number of bytes of memory to reserve (and optionally commit)
to be used as heap for this program.  The default is 1Mb reserved, 4K
committed.
[This option is specific to the i386 \s-1PE\s0 targeted port of the linker]
.IP "\fB\-\-image\-base\fR \fIvalue\fR" 4
.IX Item "--image-base value"
Use \fIvalue\fR as the base address of your program or dll.  This is
the lowest memory location that will be used when your program or dll
is loaded.  To reduce the need to relocate and improve performance of
your dlls, each should have a unique base address and not overlap any
other dlls.  The default is 0x400000 for executables, and 0x10000000
for dlls.
[This option is specific to the i386 \s-1PE\s0 targeted port of the linker]
.IP "\fB\-\-kill\-at\fR" 4
.IX Item "--kill-at"
If given, the stdcall suffixes (@\fInn\fR) will be stripped from
symbols before they are exported.
[This option is specific to the i386 \s-1PE\s0 targeted port of the linker]
.IP "\fB\-\-large\-address\-aware\fR" 4
.IX Item "--large-address-aware"
If given, the appropriate bit in the \*(L"Characteristics\*(R" field of the \s-1COFF\s0
header is set to indicate that this executable supports virtual addresses
greater than 2 gigabytes.  This should be used in conjunction with the /3GB
or /USERVA=\fIvalue\fR megabytes switch in the \*(L"[operating systems]\*(R"
section of the \s-1BOOT\s0.INI.  Otherwise, this bit has no effect.
[This option is specific to \s-1PE\s0 targeted ports of the linker]
.IP "\fB\-\-major\-image\-version\fR \fIvalue\fR" 4
.IX Item "--major-image-version value"
Sets the major number of the \*(L"image version\*(R".  Defaults to 1.
[This option is specific to the i386 \s-1PE\s0 targeted port of the linker]
.IP "\fB\-\-major\-os\-version\fR \fIvalue\fR" 4
.IX Item "--major-os-version value"
Sets the major number of the \*(L"os version\*(R".  Defaults to 4.
[This option is specific to the i386 \s-1PE\s0 targeted port of the linker]
.IP "\fB\-\-major\-subsystem\-version\fR \fIvalue\fR" 4
.IX Item "--major-subsystem-version value"
Sets the major number of the \*(L"subsystem version\*(R".  Defaults to 4.
[This option is specific to the i386 \s-1PE\s0 targeted port of the linker]
.IP "\fB\-\-minor\-image\-version\fR \fIvalue\fR" 4
.IX Item "--minor-image-version value"
Sets the minor number of the \*(L"image version\*(R".  Defaults to 0.
[This option is specific to the i386 \s-1PE\s0 targeted port of the linker]
.IP "\fB\-\-minor\-os\-version\fR \fIvalue\fR" 4
.IX Item "--minor-os-version value"
Sets the minor number of the \*(L"os version\*(R".  Defaults to 0.
[This option is specific to the i386 \s-1PE\s0 targeted port of the linker]
.IP "\fB\-\-minor\-subsystem\-version\fR \fIvalue\fR" 4
.IX Item "--minor-subsystem-version value"
Sets the minor number of the \*(L"subsystem version\*(R".  Defaults to 0.
[This option is specific to the i386 \s-1PE\s0 targeted port of the linker]
.IP "\fB\-\-output\-def\fR \fIfile\fR" 4
.IX Item "--output-def file"
The linker will create the file \fIfile\fR which will contain a \s-1DEF\s0
file corresponding to the \s-1DLL\s0 the linker is generating.  This \s-1DEF\s0 file
(which should be called \f(CW\*(C`*.def\*(C'\fR) may be used to create an import
library with \f(CW\*(C`dlltool\*(C'\fR or may be used as a reference to
automatically or implicitly exported symbols.
[This option is specific to the i386 \s-1PE\s0 targeted port of the linker]
.IP "\fB\-\-out\-implib\fR \fIfile\fR" 4
.IX Item "--out-implib file"
The linker will create the file \fIfile\fR which will contain an
import lib corresponding to the \s-1DLL\s0 the linker is generating. This
import lib (which should be called \f(CW\*(C`*.dll.a\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`*.a\*(C'\fR
may be used to link clients against the generated \s-1DLL\s0; this behaviour
makes it possible to skip a separate \f(CW\*(C`dlltool\*(C'\fR import library
creation step.
[This option is specific to the i386 \s-1PE\s0 targeted port of the linker]
.IP "\fB\-\-enable\-auto\-image\-base\fR" 4
.IX Item "--enable-auto-image-base"
Automatically choose the image base for DLLs, unless one is specified
using the \f(CW\*(C`\-\-image\-base\*(C'\fR argument.  By using a hash generated
from the dllname to create unique image bases for each \s-1DLL\s0, in-memory
collisions and relocations which can delay program execution are
avoided.
[This option is specific to the i386 \s-1PE\s0 targeted port of the linker]
.IP "\fB\-\-disable\-auto\-image\-base\fR" 4
.IX Item "--disable-auto-image-base"
Do not automatically generate a unique image base.  If there is no
user-specified image base (\f(CW\*(C`\-\-image\-base\*(C'\fR) then use the platform
default.
[This option is specific to the i386 \s-1PE\s0 targeted port of the linker]
.IP "\fB\-\-dll\-search\-prefix\fR \fIstring\fR" 4
.IX Item "--dll-search-prefix string"
When linking dynamically to a dll without an import library,
search for \f(CW\*(C`<string><basename>.dll\*(C'\fR in preference to
\&\f(CW\*(C`lib<basename>.dll\*(C'\fR. This behaviour allows easy distinction
between DLLs built for the various \*(L"subplatforms\*(R": native, cygwin,
uwin, pw, etc.  For instance, cygwin DLLs typically use
\&\f(CW\*(C`\-\-dll\-search\-prefix=cyg\*(C'\fR.
[This option is specific to the i386 \s-1PE\s0 targeted port of the linker]
.IP "\fB\-\-enable\-auto\-import\fR" 4
.IX Item "--enable-auto-import"
Do sophisticated linking of \f(CW\*(C`_symbol\*(C'\fR to \f(CW\*(C`_\|_imp