aries. It is much cleaner to make other data files architecture-independent, and it is generally not hard. Here are the variables Makefiles should use to specify directories to put these various kinds of files in: `datarootdir' The root of the directory tree for read-only architecture-independent data files. This should normally be `/usr/local/share', but write it as `$(prefix)/share'. (If you are using Autoconf, write it as `@datarootdir@'.) `datadir''s default value is based on this variable; so are `infodir', `mandir', and others. `datadir' The directory for installing idiosyncratic read-only architecture-independent data files for this program. This is usually the same place as `datarootdir', but we use the two separate variables so that you can move these program-specific files without altering the location for Info files, man pages, etc. This should normally be `/usr/local/share', but write it as `$(datarootdir)'. (If you are using Autoconf, write it as `@datadir@'.) The definition of `datadir' is the same for all packages, so you should install your data in a subdirectory thereof. Most packages install their data under `$(datadir)/PACKAGE-NAME/'. `sysconfdir' The directory for installing read-only data files that pertain to a single machine-that is to say, files for configuring a host. Mailer and network configuration files, `/etc/passwd', and so forth belong here. All the files in this directory should be ordinary ASCII text files. This directory should normally be `/usr/local/etc', but write it as `$(prefix)/etc'. (If you are using Autoconf, write it as `@sysconfdir@'.) Do not install executables here in this directory (they probably belong in `$(libexecdir)' or `$(sbindir)'). Also do not install files that are modified in the normal course of their use (programs whose purpose is to change the configuration of the system excluded). Those probably belong in `$(localstatedir)'. `sharedstatedir' The directory for installing architecture-independent data files which the programs modify while they run. This should normally be `/usr/local/com', but write it as `$(prefix)/com'. (If you are using Autoconf, write it as `@sharedstatedir@'.) `localstatedir' The directory for installing data files which the programs modify while they run, and that pertain to one specific machine. Users should never need to modify files in this directory to configure the package's operation; put such configuration information in separate files that go in `$(datadir)' or `$(sysconfdir)'. `$(localstatedir)' should normally be `/usr/local/var', but write it as `$(prefix)/var'. (If you are using Autoconf, write it as `@localstatedir@'.) These variables specify the directory for installing certain specific types of files, if your program has them. Every GNU package should have Info files, so every program needs `infodir', but not all need `libdir' or `lispdir'. `includedir' The directory for installing header files to be included by user programs with the C `#include' preprocessor directive. This should normally be `/usr/local/include', but write it as `$(prefix)/include'. (If you are using Autoconf, write it as `@includedir@'.) Most compilers other than GCC do not look for header files in directory `/usr/local/include'. So installing the header files this way is only useful with GCC. Sometimes this is not a problem because some libraries are only really intended to work with GCC. But some libraries are intended to work with other compilers. They should install their header files in two places, one specified by `includedir' and one specified by `oldincludedir'. `oldincludedir' The directory for installing `#include' header files for use with compilers other than GCC. This should normally be `/usr/include'. (If you are using Autoconf, you can write it as `@oldincludedir@'.) The Makefile commands should check whether the value of `oldincludedir' is empty. If it is, they should not try to use it; they should cancel the second installation of the header files. A package should not replace an existing header in this directory unless the header came from the same package. Thus, if your Foo package provides a header file `foo.h', then it should install the header file in the `oldincludedir' directory if either (1) there is no `foo.h' there or (2) the `foo.h' that exists came from the Foo package. To tell whether `foo.h' came from the Foo package, put a magic string in the file--part of a comment--and `grep' for that string. `docdir' The directory for installing documentation files (other than Info) for this package. By default, it should be `/usr/local/share/doc/YOURPKG', but it should be written as `$(datarootdir)/doc/YOURPKG'. (If you are using Autoconf, write it as `@docdir@'.) The YOURPKG subdirectory, which may include a version number, prevents collisions among files with common names, such as `README'. `infodir' The directory for installing the Info files for this package. By default, it should be `/usr/local/share/info', but it should be written as `$(datarootdir)/info'. (If you are using Autoconf, write it as `@infodir@'.) `infodir' is separate from `docdir' for compatibility with existing practice. `htmldir' `dvidir' `pdfdir' `psdir' Directories for installing documentation files in the particular format. They should all be set to `$(docdir)' by default. (If you are using Autoconf, write them as `@htmldir@', `@dvidir@', etc.) Packages which supply several translations of their documentation should install them in `$(htmldir)/'LL, `$(pdfdir)/'LL, etc. where LL is a locale abbreviation such as `en' or `pt_BR'. `libdir' The directory for object files and libraries of object code. Do not install executables here, they probably ought to go in `$(libexecdir)' instead. The value of `libdir' should normally be `/usr/local/lib', but write it as `$(exec_prefix)/lib'. (If you are using Autoconf, write it as `@libdir@'.) `lispdir' The directory for installing any Emacs Lisp files in this package. By default, it should be `/usr/local/share/emacs/site-lisp', but it should be written as `$(datarootdir)/emacs/site-lisp'. If you are using Autoconf, write the default as `@lispdir@'. In order to make `@lispdir@' work, you need the following lines in your `configure.in' file: lispdir='${datarootdir}/emacs/site-lisp' AC_SUBST(lispdir) `localedir' The directory for installing locale-specific message catalogs for this package. By default, it should be `/usr/local/share/locale', but it should be written as `$(datarootdir)/locale'. (If you are using Autoconf, write it as `@localedir@'.) This directory usually has a subdirectory per locale. Unix-style man pages are installed in one of the following: `mandir' The top-level directory for installing the man pages (if any) for this package. It will normally be `/usr/local/share/man', but you should write it as `$(datarootdir)/man'. (If you are using Autoconf, write it as `@mandir@'.) `man1dir' The directory for installing section 1 man pages. Write it as `$(mandir)/man1'. `man2dir' The directory for installing section 2 man pages. Write it as `$(mandir)/man2' `...' *Don't make the primary documentation for any GNU software be a man page. Write a manual in Texinfo instead. Man pages are just for the sake of people running GNU software on Unix, which is a secondary application only.* `manext' The file name extension for the installed man page. This should contain a period followed by the appropriate digit; it should normally be `.1'. `man1ext' The file name extension for installed section 1 man pages. `man2ext' The file name extension for installed section 2 man pages. `...' Use these names instead of `manext' if the package needs to install man pages in more than one section of the manual. And finally, you should set the following variable: `srcdir' The directory for the sources being compiled. The value of this variable is normally inserted by the `configure' shell script. (If you are using Autoconf, use `srcdir = @srcdir@'.) For example: # Common prefix for installation directories. # NOTE: This directory must exist when you start the install. prefix = /usr/local datarootdir = $(prefix)/share datadir = $(datarootdir) exec_prefix = $(prefix) # Where to put the executable for the command `gcc'. bindir = $(exec_prefix)/bin # Where to put the directories used by the compiler. libexecdir = $(exec_prefix)/libexec # Where to put the Info files. infodir = $(datarootdir)/info If your program installs a large number of files into one of the standard user-specified directories, it might be useful to group them into a subdirectory particular to that program. If you do this, you should write the `install' rule to create these subdirectories. Do not expect the user to include the subdirectory name in the value of any of the variables listed above. The idea of having a uniform set of variable names for installation directories is to enable the user to specify the exact same values for several different GNU packages. In order for this to be useful, all the packages must be designed so that they will work sensibly when the user does so. At times, not all of these variables may be implemented in the current release of Autoconf and/or Automake; but as of Autoconf 2.60, we believe all of them are. When any are missing, the descriptions here serve as specifications for what Autoconf will implement. As a programmer, you can either use a development version of Autoconf or avoid using these variables until a stable release is made which supports them.  File: standards.info, Node: Standard Targets, Next: Install Command Categories, Prev: Directory Variables, Up: Makefile Conventions 7.2.6 Standard Targets for Users -------------------------------- All GNU programs should have the following targets in their Makefiles: `all' Compile the entire program. This should be the default target. This target need not rebuild any documentation files; Info files should normally be included in the distribution, and DVI (and other documentation format) files should be made only when explicitly asked for. By default, the Make rules should compile and link with `-g', so that executable programs have debugging symbols. Users who don't mind being helpless can strip the executables later if they wish. `install' Compile the program and copy the executables, libraries, and so on to the file names where they should reside for actual use. If there is a simple test to verify that a program is properly installed, this target should run that test. Do not strip executables when installing them. Devil-may-care users can use the `install-strip' target to do that. If possible, write the `install' target rule so that it does not modify anything in the directory where the program was built, provided `make all' has just been done. This is convenient for building the program under one user name and installing it under another. The commands should create all the directories in which files are to be installed, if they don't already exist. This includes the directories specified as the values of the variables `prefix' and `exec_prefix', as well as all subdirectories that are needed. One way to do this is by means of an `installdirs' target as described below. Use `-' before any command for installing a man page, so that `make' will ignore any errors. This is in case there are systems that don't have the Unix man page documentation system installed. The way to install Info files is to copy them into `$(infodir)' with `$(INSTALL_DATA)' (*note Command Variables::), and then run the `install-info' program if it is present. `install-info' is a program that edits the Info `dir' file to add or update the menu entry for the given Info file; it is part of the Texinfo package. Here is a sample rule to install an Info file: $(DESTDIR)$(infodir)/foo.info: foo.info $(POST_INSTALL) # There may be a newer info file in . than in srcdir. -if test -f foo.info; then d=.; \ else d=$(srcdir); fi; \ $(INSTALL_DATA) $$d/foo.info $(DESTDIR)$@; \ # Run install-info only if it exists. # Use `if' instead of just prepending `-' to the # line so we notice real errors from install-info. # We use `$(SHELL) -c' because some shells do not # fail gracefully when there is an unknown command. if $(SHELL) -c 'install-info --version' \ >/dev/null 2>&1; then \ install-info --dir-file=$(DESTDIR)$(infodir)/dir \ $(DESTDIR)$(infodir)/foo.info; \ else true; fi When writing the `install' target, you must classify all the commands into three categories: normal ones, "pre-installation" commands and "post-installation" commands. *Note Install Command Categories::. `install-html' `install-dvi' `install-pdf' `install-ps' These targets install documentation in formats other than Info; they're intended to be called explicitly by the person installing the package, if that format is desired. GNU prefers Info files, so these must be installed by the `install' target. When you have many documentation files to install, we recommend that you avoid collisions and clutter by arranging for these targets to install in subdirectories of the appropriate installation directory, such as `htmldir'. As one example, if your package has multiple manuals, and you wish to install HTML documentation with many files (such as the "split" mode output by `makeinfo --html'), you'll certainly want to use subdirectories, or two nodes with the same name in different manuals will overwrite each other. Please make these `install-FORMAT' targets invoke the commands for the FORMAT target, for example, by making FORMAT a dependency. `uninstall' Delete all the installed files--the copies that the `install' and `install-*' targets create. This rule should not modify the directories where compilation is done, only the directories where files are installed. The uninstallation commands are divided into three categories, just like the installation commands. *Note Install Command Categories::. `install-strip' Like `install', but strip the executable files while installing them. In simple cases, this target can use the `install' target in a simple way: install-strip: $(MAKE) INSTALL_PROGRAM='$(INSTALL_PROGRAM) -s' \ install But if the package installs scripts as well as real executables, the `install-strip' target can't just refer to the `install' target; it has to strip the executables but not the scripts. `install-strip' should not strip the executables in the build directory which are being copied for installation. It should only strip the copies that are installed. Normally we do not recommend stripping an executable unless you are sure the program has no bugs. However, it can be reasonable to install a stripped executable for actual execution while saving the unstripped executable elsewhere in case there is a bug. `clean' Delete all files in the current directory that are normally created by building the program. Also delete files in other directories if they are created by this makefile. However, don't delete the files that record the configuration. Also preserve files that could be made by building, but normally aren't because the distribution comes with them. There is no need to delete parent directories that were created with `mkdir -p', since they could have existed anyway. Delete `.dvi' files here if they are not part of the distribution. `distclean' Delete all files in the current directory (or created by this makefile) that are created by configuring or building the program. If you have unpacked the source and built the program without creating any other files, `make distclean' should leave only the files that were in the distribution. However, there is no need to delete parent directories that were created with `mkdir -p', since they could have existed anyway. `mostlyclean' Like `clean', but may refrain from deleting a few files that people normally don't want to recompile. For example, the `mostlyclean' target for GCC does not delete `libgcc.a', because recompiling it is rarely necessary and takes a lot of time. `maintainer-clean' Delete almost everything that can be reconstructed with this Makefile. This typically includes everything deleted by `distclean', plus more: C source files produced by Bison, tags tables, Info files, and so on. The reason we say "almost everything" is that running the command `make maintainer-clean' should not delete `configure' even if `configure' can be remade using a rule in the Makefile. More generally, `make maintainer-clean' should not delete anything that needs to exist in order to run `configure' and then begin to build the program. Also, there is no need to delete parent directories that were created with `mkdir -p', since they could have existed anyway. These are the only exceptions; `maintainer-clean' should delete everything else that can be rebuilt. The `maintainer-clean' target is intended to be used by a maintainer of the package, not by ordinary users. You may need special tools to reconstruct some of the files that `make maintainer-clean' deletes. Since these files are normally included in the distribution, we don't take care to make them easy to reconstruct. If you find you need to unpack the full distribution again, don't blame us. To help make users aware of this, the commands for the special `maintainer-clean' target should start with these two: @echo 'This command is intended for maintainers to use; it' @echo 'deletes files that may need special tools to rebuild.' `TAGS' Update a tags table for this program. `info' Generate any Info files needed. The best way to write the rules is as follows: info: foo.info foo.info: foo.texi chap1.texi chap2.texi $(MAKEINFO) $(srcdir)/foo.texi You must define the variable `MAKEINFO' in the Makefile. It should run the `makeinfo' program, which is part of the Texinfo distribution. Normally a GNU distribution comes with Info files, and that means the Info files are present in the source directory. Therefore, the Make rule for an info file should update it in the source directory. When users build the package, ordinarily Make will not update the Info files because they will already be up to date. `dvi' `html' `pdf' `ps' Generate documentation files in the given format. These targets should always exist, but any or all can be a no-op if the given output format cannot be generated. These targets should not be dependencies of the `all' target; the user must manually invoke them. Here's an example rule for generating DVI files from Texinfo: dvi: foo.dvi foo.dvi: foo.texi chap1.texi chap2.texi $(TEXI2DVI) $(srcdir)/foo.texi You must define the variable `TEXI2DVI' in the Makefile. It should run the program `texi2dvi', which is part of the Texinfo distribution.(1) Alternatively, write just the dependencies, and allow GNU `make' to provide the command. Here's another example, this one for generating HTML from Texinfo: html: foo.html foo.html: foo.texi chap1.texi chap2.texi $(TEXI2HTML) $(srcdir)/foo.texi Again, you would define the variable `TEXI2HTML' in the Makefile; for example, it might run `makeinfo --no-split --html' (`makeinfo' is part of the Texinfo distribution). `dist' Create a distribution tar file for this program. The tar file should be set up so that the file names in the tar file start with a subdirectory name which is the name of the package it is a distribution for. This name can include the version number. For example, the distribution tar file of GCC version 1.40 unpacks into a subdirectory named `gcc-1.40'. The easiest way to do this is to create a subdirectory appropriately named, use `ln' or `cp' to install the proper files in it, and then `tar' that subdirectory. Compress the tar file with `gzip'. For example, the actual distribution file for GCC version 1.40 is called `gcc-1.40.tar.gz'. The `dist' target should explicitly depend on all non-source files that are in the distribution, to make sure they are up to date in the distribution. *Note Making Releases: Releases. `check' Perform self-tests (if any). The user must build the program before running the tests, but need not install the program; you should write the self-tests so that they work when the program is built but not installed. The following targets are suggested as conventional names, for programs in which they are useful. `installcheck' Perform installation tests (if any). The user must build and install the program before running the tests. You should not assume that `$(bindir)' is in the search path. `installdirs' It's useful to add a target named `installdirs' to create the directories where files are installed, and their parent directories. There is a script called `mkinstalldirs' which is convenient for this; you can find it in the Texinfo package. You can use a rule like this: # Make sure all installation directories (e.g. $(bindir)) # actually exist by making them if necessary. installdirs: mkinstalldirs $(srcdir)/mkinstalldirs $(bindir) $(datadir) \ $(libdir) $(infodir) \ $(mandir) or, if you wish to support `DESTDIR', # Make sure all installation directories (e.g. $(bindir)) # actually exist by making them if necessary. installdirs: mkinstalldirs $(srcdir)/mkinstalldirs \ $(DESTDIR)$(bindir) $(DESTDIR)$(datadir) \ $(DESTDIR)$(libdir) $(DESTDIR)$(infodir) \ $(DESTDIR)$(mandir) This rule should not modify the directories where compilation is done. It should do nothing but create installation directories. ---------- Footnotes ---------- (1) `texi2dvi' uses TeX to do the real work of formatting. TeX is not distributed with Texinfo.  File: standards.info, Node: Install Command Categories, Prev: Standard Targets, Up: Makefile Conventions 7.2.7 Install Command Categories -------------------------------- When writing the `install' target, you must classify all the commands into three categories: normal ones, "pre-installation" commands and "post-installation" commands. Normal commands move files into their proper places, and set their modes. They may not alter any files except the ones that come entirely from the package they belong to. Pre-installation and post-installation commands may alter other files; in particular, they can edit global configuration files or data bases. Pre-installation commands are typically executed before the normal commands, and post-installation commands are typically run after the normal commands. The most common use for a post-installation command is to run `install-info'. This cannot be done with a normal command, since it alters a file (the Info directory) which does not come entirely and solely from the package being installed. It is a post-installation command because it needs to be done after the normal command which installs the package's Info files. Most programs don't need any pre-installation commands, but we have the feature just in case it is needed. To classify the commands in the `install' rule into these three categories, insert "category lines" among them. A category line specifies the category for the commands that follow. A category line consists of a tab and a reference to a special Make variable, plus an optional comment at the end. There are three variables you can use, one for each category; the variable name specifies the category. Category lines are no-ops in ordinary execution because these three Make variables are normally undefined (and you _should not_ define them in the makefile). Here are the three possible category lines, each with a comment that explains what it means: $(PRE_INSTALL) # Pre-install commands follow. $(POST_INSTALL) # Post-install commands follow. $(NORMAL_INSTALL) # Normal commands follow. If you don't use a category line at the beginning of the `install' rule, all the commands are classified as normal until the first category line. If you don't use any category lines, all the commands are classified as normal. These are the category lines for `uninstall': $(PRE_UNINSTALL) # Pre-uninstall commands follow. $(POST_UNINSTALL) # Post-uninstall commands follow. $(NORMAL_UNINSTALL) # Normal commands follow. Typically, a pre-uninstall command would be used for deleting entries from the Info directory. If the `install' or `uninstall' target has any dependencies which act as subroutines of installation, then you should start _each_ dependency's commands with a category line, and start the main target's commands with a category line also. This way, you can ensure that each command is placed in the right category regardless of which of the dependencies actually run. Pre-installation and post-installation commands should not run any programs except for these: [ basename bash cat chgrp chmod chown cmp cp dd diff echo egrep expand expr false fgrep find getopt grep gunzip gzip hostname install install-info kill ldconfig ln ls md5sum mkdir mkfifo mknod mv printenv pwd rm rmdir sed sort tee test touch true uname xargs yes The reason for distinguishing the commands in this way is for the sake of making binary packages. Typically a binary package contains all the executables and other files that need to be installed, and has its own method of installing them--so it does not need to run the normal installation commands. But installing the binary package does need to execute the pre-installation and post-installation commands. Programs to build binary packages work by extracting the pre-installation and post-installation commands. Here is one way of extracting the pre-installation commands (the `-s' option to `make' is needed to silence messages about entering subdirectories): make -s -n install -o all \ PRE_INSTALL=pre-install \ POST_INSTALL=post-install \ NORMAL_INSTALL=normal-install \ | gawk -f pre-install.awk where the file `pre-install.awk' could contain this: $0 ~ /^(normal-install|post-install)[ \t]*$/ {on = 0} on {print $0} $0 ~ /^pre-install[ \t]*$/ {on = 1}  File: standards.info, Node: Releases, Prev: Makefile Conventions, Up: Managing Releases 7.3 Making Releases =================== You should identify each release with a pair of version numbers, a major version and a minor. We have no objection to using more than two numbers, but it is very unlikely that you really need them. Package the distribution of `Foo version 69.96' up in a gzipped tar file with the name `foo-69.96.tar.gz'. It should unpack into a subdirectory named `foo-69.96'. Building and installing the program should never modify any of the files contained in the distribution. This means that all the files that form part of the program in any way must be classified into "source files" and "non-source files". Source files are written by humans and never changed automatically; non-source files are produced from source files by programs under the control of the Makefile. The distribution should contain a file named `README' which gives the name of the package, and a general description of what it does. It is also good to explain the purpose of each of the first-level subdirectories in the package, if there are any. The `README' file should either state the version number of the package, or refer to where in the package it can be found. The `README' file should refer to the file `INSTALL', which should contain an explanation of the installation procedure. The `README' file should also refer to the file which contains the copying conditions. The GNU GPL, if used, should be in a file called `COPYING'. If the GNU LGPL is used, it should be in a file called `COPYING.LESSER'. Naturally, all the source files must be in the distribution. It is okay to include non-source files in the distribution, provided they are up-to-date and machine-independent, so that building the distribution normally will never modify them. We commonly include non-source files produced by Bison, `lex', TeX, and `makeinfo'; this helps avoid unnecessary dependencies between our distributions, so that users can install whichever packages they want to install. Non-source files that might actually be modified by building and installing the program should *never* be included in the distribution. So if you do distribute non-source files, always make sure they are up to date when you make a new distribution. Make sure that all the files in the distribution are world-readable, and that directories are world-readable and world-searchable (octal mode 755). We used to recommend that all directories in the distribution also be world-writable (octal mode 777), because ancient versions of `tar' would otherwise not cope when extracting the archive as an unprivileged user. That can easily lead to security issues when creating the archive, however, so now we recommend against that. Don't include any symbolic links in the distribution itself. If the tar file contains symbolic links, then people cannot even unpack it on systems that don't support symbolic links. Also, don't use multiple names for one file in different directories, because certain file systems cannot handle this and that prevents unpacking the distribution. Try to make sure that all the file names will be unique on MS-DOS. A name on MS-DOS consists of up to 8 characters, optionally followed by a period and up to three characters. MS-DOS will truncate extra characters both before and after the period. Thus, `foobarhacker.c' and `foobarhacker.o' are not ambiguous; they are truncated to `foobarha.c' and `foobarha.o', which are distinct. Include in your distribution a copy of the `texinfo.tex' you used to test print any `*.texinfo' or `*.texi' files. Likewise, if your program uses small GNU software packages like regex, getopt, obstack, or termcap, include them in the distribution file. Leaving them out would make the distribution file a little smaller at the expense of possible inconvenience to a user who doesn't know what other files to get.  File: standards.info, Node: References, Next: GNU Free Documentation License, Prev: Managing Releases, Up: Top 8 References to Non-Free Software and Documentation *************************************************** A GNU program should not recommend, promote, or grant legitimacy to the use of any non-free program. Proprietary software is a social and ethical problem, and our aim is to put an end to that problem. We can't stop some people from writing proprietary programs, or stop other people from using them, but we can and should refuse to advertise them to new potential customers, or to give the public the idea that their existence is ethical. The GNU definition of free software is found on the GNU web site at `http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html', and the definition of free documentation is found at `http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-doc.html'. The terms "free" and "non-free", used in this document, refer to those definitions. A list of important licenses and whether they qualify as free is in `http://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.html'. If it is not clear whether a license qualifies as free, please ask the GNU Project by writing to . We will answer, and if the license is an important one, we will add it to the list. When a non-free program or system is well known, you can mention it in passing--that is harmless, since users who might want to use it probably already know about it. For instance, it is fine to explain how to build your package on top of some widely used non-free operating system, or how to use it together with some widely used non-free program. However, you should give only the necessary information to help those who already use the non-free program to use your program with it--don't give, or refer to, any further information about the proprietary program, and don't imply that the proprietary program enhances your program, or that its existence is in any way a good thing. The goal should be that people already using the proprietary program will get the advice they need about how to use your free program with it, while people who don't already use the proprietary program will not see anything likely to lead them to take an interest in it. If a non-free program or system is obscure in your program's domain, your program should not mention or support it at all, since doing so would tend to popularize the non-free program more than it popularizes your program. (You cannot hope to find many additional users for your program among the users of Foobar, if the existence of Foobar is not generally known among people who might want to use your program.) Sometimes a program is free software in itself but depends on a non-free platform in order to run. For instance, many Java programs depend on some non-free Java libraries. To recommend or promote such a program is to promote the other programs it needs. This is why we are careful about listing Java programs in the Free Software Directory: we don't want to promote the non-free Java libraries. We hope this particular problem with Java will be gone by and by, as we replace the remaining non-free standard Java libraries with free software, but the general principle will remain the same: don't recommend, promote or legitimize programs that depend on non-free software to run. Some free programs strongly encourage the use of non-free software. A typical example is `mplayer'. It is free software in itself, and the free code can handle some kinds of files. However, `mplayer' recommends use of non-free codecs for other kinds of files, and users that install `mplayer' are very likely to install those codecs along with it. To recommend `mplayer' is, in effect, to promote use of the non-free codecs. Thus, you should not recommend programs that strongly encourage the use of non-free software. This is why we do not list `mplayer' in the Free Software Directory. A GNU package should not refer the user to any non-free documentation for free software. Free documentation that can be included in free operating systems is essential for completing the GNU system, or any free operating system, so encouraging it is a priority; to recommend use of documentation that we are not allowed to include undermines the impetus for the community to produce documentation that we can include. So GNU packages should never recommend non-free documentation. By contrast, it is ok to refer to journal articles and textbooks in the comments of a program for explanation of how it functions, even though they are non-free. This is because we don't include such things in the GNU system even they are free--they are outside the scope of what a software distribution needs to include. Referring to a web site that describes or recommends a non-free program is promoting that program, so please do not make links (or mention by name) web sites that contain such material. This policy is relevant particularly for the web pages for a GNU package. Following links from nearly any web site can lead eventually to non-free software; this is inherent in the nature of the web. So it makes no sense to criticize a site for having such links. As long as the site does not itself recommend a non-free program, there is no need to consider the question of the sites that it links to for other reasons. Thus, for example, you should not refer to AT&T's web site if that recommends AT&T's non-free software packages; you should not refer to a site that links to AT&T's site presenting it as a place to get some non-free program, because that link recommends and legitimizes the non-free program. However, that a site contains a link to AT&T's web site for some other purpose (such as long-distance telephone service) is not an objection against it.  File: standards.info, Node: GNU Free Documentation License, Next: Index, Prev: References, Up: Top Appendix A GNU Free Documentation License ***************************************** Version 1.3, 3 November 2008 Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. `http://fsf.org/' Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. 0. PREAMBLE The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for modifications made by others. This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft license designed for free software. We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free software, because free software needs free documentation: a free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference. 1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that work under the conditions stated herein. The "Document", below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as "you". You accept the license if you copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission under copyright law. A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with modifications and/or translated into another language. A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any mathematics.) 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These Warranty Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has no effect on the meaning of this License. 2. VERBATIM COPYING You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3. You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and you may publicly display copies. 3. 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List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five), unless they release you from this requirement. C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified Version, as the publisher. D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document. E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications adjacent to the other copyright notices. F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below. G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice. H. Include an unaltered copy of this License. I. 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COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects. You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document. 7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves derivative works of the Document. If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole aggregate. 8. TRANSLATION Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special permission from their copyright holders, but you may include translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a translation of this License, and all the license notices in the Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include the original English version of this License and the original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between the translation and the original version of this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will prevail. If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual title. 9. TERMINATION You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to 60 days after the cessation. Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after your receipt of the notice. Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the same material does not give you any rights to use it. 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See `http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/'. Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of this License can be used, that proxy's public statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the Document. 11. RELICENSING "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site" (or "MMC Site") means any World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server. A "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration" (or "MMC") contained in the site means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC site. "CC-BY-SA" means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco, California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license published by that same organization. "Incorporate" means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or in part, as part of another Document. An MMC is "eligible for relicensing" if it is licensed under this License, and if all works that were first published under this License somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently incorporated in whole or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover texts or invariant sections, and (2) were thus incorporated prior to November 1, 2008. The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the site under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, 2009, provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing. ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents ==================================================== To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of the License in the document and put the following copyright and license notices just after the title page: Copyright (C) YEAR YOUR NAME. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''. If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, replace the "with...Texts." line with this: with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST. If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the situation. If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their use in free software.  File: standards.info, Node: Index, Prev: GNU Free Documentation License, Up: Top Index ***** [index] * Menu: * #endif, commenting: Comments. (line 60) * --help output: --help. (line 6) * --version output: --version. (line 6) * -Wall compiler option: Syntactic Conventions. (line 10) * accepting contributions: Contributions. (line 6) * address for bug reports: --help. (line 11) * ANSI C standard: Standard C. (line 6) * arbitrary limits on data: Semantics. (line 6) * ASCII characters: Character Set. (line 6) * autoconf: System Portability. (line 23) * avoiding proprietary code: Reading Non-Free Code. (line 6) * behavior, dependent on program's name: User Interfaces. (line 6) * binary packages: Install Command Categories. (line 80) * bindir: Directory Variables. (line 54) * braces, in C source: Formatting. (line 6) * bug reports: --help. (line 11) * bug-standards@gnu.org email address: Preface. (line 30) * canonical name of a program: --version. (line 12) * casting pointers to integers: CPU Portability. (line 89) * CGI programs, standard options for: Command-Line Interfaces. (line 31) * change logs: Change Logs. (line 6) * change logs, conditional changes: Conditional Changes. (line 6) * change logs, style: Style of Ch